So, it looks like the Doc isn't correct: Qt5.4 supports Windows Phone 8.1, support for WP8.0 has been dropped.
You don't need Visual Studio 2012, 2013 is fine!
With which version do you open the VC++ Project? Express for Desktop? Express for Phone? Professinal/Ultimate?
I always compile it with 2013 Ultimate for every platform, everything works fine.
Additionally, you always have to compile it for Windows 8.1-x86, Windows 8.1-ARM (Windows RT) and Windows Phone 8.1 individually.