I cross-posted this problem to StackOverflow and solved the problem myself. My answer can be found "here":http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17050177/undefined-reference-to-qiconvcodec-during-qt-embedded-make
But to sum up my answer, you need Gnome if you're trying to install Qt Embedded for Linux with a Virtual Framebuffer on Ubuntu.
Install Gnome for your version of Ubuntu, uninstall your previous Qt Embedded attempts, and reinstall Qt Embedded.
Hope this helps!