Just just launch your app from the console. qDebug, qWarning etc. will be printed to the console too (stdout/stderr). Make sure you don't define QT_NO_DEBUG_OUTPUT -- see http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/debug.html for more info.
OK guys, I was able to solve the problem. The Fedora people changed a configuration file, so that qDebug output wasn't shown to the user anymore, until the user changed the settings like described here:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1227295
@_JR_ You're welcome :) Personally I neither had any experience in writing iOS apps nor have the necessary hardware/keys/certificates for that. So any input on the subject will be useful (but I doubt that it will be possible to make any enhancements based on that).