Sorry for not posting before, but I had completely forgotten about this thread!!!
The problem is not happening lately; now I'm using Qt Creator 17.0.0 and the latest (as of today) version of MSVC 2022. However, the last times this problem happened I could solved more or less quickly following the steps below:
Go to folder %appdata%\roaming. Here, delete subfolder QtProject
Still in %appdata%\roaming... I'm not sure about whether deleting subfolder Qt is necessary, since it contains your credentials to log into the Qt websites. Normally, I delete it and when finishing the process I retype the credentials once more.
Then go to folder %appdata%\local. Then delete subfolder QtProject.
Then go to folder %appdata%\Temp and there delete all files whose name start with "QtCreator-" (there will be quite a few!)
Finally, using the Qt Maintenance Tool, uninstall Qt Creator. Once that it's been completely uninstalled, reinstall it again.
As I said, this worked for me the last two or three times the problem arised. Can't guarantee that it'll work for everybody!
I guess that deleting the files and folder listed above I'm cleaning all traces pointing to MSVC. Uninstalling and reinstalling forces re-creating (hopefully) correctly these links.