QByteArray to string?

[SGaist]

Why wouldn't they ? You are not asking them to bring back QString, just what they recommend as best practice to convert a QByteArray to a python string following your example.

[JonB]

@SGaist
I meant, I thought I have tried posting to PyQt forum before, and just no replies. Maybe I'm mistaken though...

[jazzycamel]

The standard python3 way to handle this would be:

print(qba.decode('utf8'))

This is actually to do with changes between Python versions 2 and 3. In Python 2 str could be used for both text and binary data and was considered 'brittle' by the core devs., so in Python 3 it was decided that str (incl. unicode) would be used only for text and bytes would be used for binary (see more here). Therefore, in PyQt5, when a Qt type containing binary data (QByteArray, the clue is in the name) is converted to a native type, bytes is used rather than str giving the developer the choice of which encoding to use if it is string data.

Also, as an active member of the PyQt mailing list, I can say it is normally pretty responsive and helpful so, in future, please think of giving us a second chance :).

Hope this helps :)

[JonB]

@jazzycamel
Thank you, but I'm sorry, I don't see how. The whole point is the PyQt 4 to 5 changes document (or is it Python 2 to 3, I can't recall) is that it says QByteArray.decode() method was removed? It's not there if I try to use it. Have you tried your suggestion with PyQt5/Python3?

[jazzycamel]

@JNBarchan
Apologies, that should have been

print(qba.data().decode('utf8'))

(That'll teach me to read things properly...!)

[JonB]

@jazzycamel
OK, that does work, thank you! Now then, may I ask:

1. QByteArray.data() returns bytes. Where was I supposed to come across documentation for bytes.decode() (e.g. in PyQt?)? [EDIT: I'm a newbie to both Python & Qt. I spend my time looking around the Qt documentation to do this stuff. I'm beginning to guess this is a Python issue, not Qt, but it's a lot to take in!]

2. (Because of #1) I don't know the arguments to decode(). I have used my utf-8 and your utf8 and as far as I can see both work the same. Which is "right"/"preferable"?

3. Can you comment (briefly :) ) on why decode() vs str(encoding=...) is preferable/nicer/more Pythonic?

[jazzycamel]

1. bytes is a python standard type and is fully documented in the python docs, the particular information you require re. bytes.decode() can be found here.
2. In the documentation linked above you will find a link to Standard Encodings (also part of the python docs) which will tell you all you ever wanted to know about encodings (and more!). utf-8 and utf8 are simply aliases of one another, both are perfectly acceptable (as detailed/listed in the docs) as are U8 and UTF (I think...!).
3. Semantics, but Python is considered to be primarily an object-oriented language and therefore you should use an objects own methods (yes, bytes and str are objects as are all 'types' in Python) rather than a function. In fact, the str() function just invokes an objects own __str__() method as that defines how the object should be represented as a string (true for all types).

[JonB]

@jazzycamel
Yep, all good stuff, makes sense, thank you very much!

As I edited against #1, I now realise that certain things from Qt via PyQt require me to look at Python documentation rather than Qt.

Since you happen to be here, and are so kind, would you care to comment on one issue which was raised in posts above. In PyQt 4, apparently, you could go s = QString() if you wanted to. Is it indeed correct that in PyQt 5 there really is no such thing as QString anywhere, and you have to deal in Python types like str in every situation? (Doubtless same applies to, say, QByteArray type and bytes, and for other such Qt types where you have decided only to allow the Python type.)

Finally, don't suppose you could make Python be just like C# instead for me, then I'd be much happier? ;-)

[SGaist]

@jazzycamel long time no see ! Thanks for the thorough explanation :-)
Parts of it would be a welcome addition to the PyQt5 documentation.

[jazzycamel]

@JNBarchan
There is indeed no such thing as QString() in PyQt5. It shouldn't be necessary as the library takes care of type marshalling between the Python and Qt (C++) types. In fact, while there is a QVariant(), its generally not necessary to use it for the same reason. QByteArray() does exist also, but I would steer clear of it if possible and let PyQt5 deal with via bytes().

No, I will never (and no one else should!) ever make Python like C#!! :)

[JonB]

@jazzycamel , or anyone else

Having implemented qba.data().decode('utf8') as directed, I have now come across a situation where the QByteArray data returned by QProcess.readAllStandardOutput() from an OS command run under Windows causes the Python/PyQt code to generate a UnicodeDecodeError error, as detailed in my post https://forum.qt.io/topic/85493/unicodedecodeerror-with-output-from-windows-os-command

This makes it impossible to convert the data, blocking the whole behaviour of my usage.

My belief is that this would not be happening at all from C++ where I would simply use whatever methods of QByteArray/QString or the language. The problem is precisely is that I am being forced to use a "Python/PyQt" way of doing this, causing the error in Python/PyQt only, which is exactly why I didn't want to have to do that but cannot get access to the necessary types/methods of Qt from PyQt...?

[SGaist]

Can you show the code you use ?

[JonB]

@SGaist
I promise you all you'll see is a QByteArray being returned with the sub-process's output, and I'm trying to convert that to a QString to put into a QTextEdit. That's all the question is. And I get a UnicodeDecodeError, probably when robocopy echoes the name of a file which has that 0x9c character in it via PyQt's decode():

can't decode byte 0x9c in position 32: invalid start byte

So presumably all you have to do is create a QByteArray, put a 0x9c in its first byte, and try qba.data().decode('utf8'). That's what this thread is about.

This whole issue where I'm discussing the code is in https://forum.qt.io/topic/85493/unicodedecodeerror-with-output-from-windows-os-command. If you'd be kind enough to look at that, I think that's a more appropriate place to discuss the code than here? If you still want more code there, let me know, and I'll supply.

[SGaist]

I don't have a Windows machine at hand. Doing this on macOS yields correct results

from PyQt5.QtCore import QByteArray
ba = QByteArray()
ba.append(u"\u009C")
PyQt5.QtCore.QByteArray(b'\xc2\x9c')
ba.data().decode('utf-8')
'\x9c'
ba.data().decode('utf-16')
'鳂'

[JonB]

@SGaist
I'm afraid I don't believe that relates to the situation.

I now have information from the client:

The exception occurs (only) when a filename robocopy encounters --- robocopy is echoing filenames as it goes --- contains the £ (UK pound sterling) character (I am in the UK, you may not be). In that situation, ba.data().decode('utf-8') (where ba is the QByteArray from QProcess.readAllStandardOutput()) results in:

Unhandled Exception:

'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x9c in position 32: invalid start byte

<class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>
File "C:\HJinn\widgets\messageboxes.py", line 289, in processReadyReadStandardOutput
output = output.data().decode('utf-8')

Now, armed with that information:

• In a Command Prompt I type in: echo £ > file
• I dump the file and I see: 9C 20 0D 0A
• So the £ character is single byte with value 0x9C

[SGaist]

What do you get if you use unicode_escape in place of utf-8 ?

[JonB]

@SGaist
I don't know, because I don't have access to the code right now, but I will tomorrow.

Thank you, your suggestion is much more like what I have been looking for. We are now discussing the argument to decode():

• I believe utf-8 is definitely right for Linux, where I develop.
• I'm beginning to learn (whether I like it or not) that it is not for Windows.
• Under Windows utf-8 does work 99% of the time, but not always, and now I know not for the £ character.
• I believe that either latin-1 or windows_1252 may be able to handle this correctly.
• I will also try your unicode_escape if you think it's worthwhile.

[JonB]

@SGaist
I believe what I am seeking from you is: Haven't I seen that Qt has some function to "get the current system encoding", but I can't spot it?

Then my code would be:

ba.data().decode(Qt.getCurrentSystemEncoding())

and everything would just work....

[EDIT: Ooohhhh, is http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtextcodec.html#codecForLocale what I'm looking for, perhaps?

QTextCodec *QTextCodec::codecForLocale()

Returns a pointer to the codec most suitable for this locale.

On Windows, the codec will be based on a system locale. On Unix systems, the codec will might fall back to using the iconv library if no builtin codec for the locale can be found.

Or, was I thinking of the Python sys.getfilesystemencoding() https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding
But that seems filename-specific, my output could be anything, not especially file names.

[JonB]

[This post cross-posed to https://forum.qt.io/topic/85493/unicodedecodeerror-with-output-from-windows-os-command/18 ]

For the record, I have done exhaustive investigation, and there is only one solution which "correctly" displays the £ character under Windows. I am exhausted so will keep this brief:

1. To create a file name with a £ in it: Go into, say, Notepad and use its Save to name a file like abc£.txt. This is in the UK, using a UK keyboard and a standard UK-configured Windows.

2. Note that at this point if you view the filename in either Explorer or, say, via dir you do see a £, not some other character. That's what my user will want to see in the output of the command he will run.

3. Run an OS command like robocopy or even dir, which will include the filename in its output.

4. Read the output with QProcess.readAllStandardOutput(). I'm saying the £ character will arrive as a single byte of value 0x9c.

5. For the required Python/PyQt decoding bytes->str (QByteArray->QString) line, the only thing which works (does not raise an exception) AND represents the character as a £ is: ba.bytes().decode("cp850").

That is the "Code Page 850", used in UK/Western Europe (so I'm told). It is the result output of you open a Command Prompt and execute just chcp.

Any other decoding either raises UnicodeDecodeError (e.g. if utf-8) or decodes but represents it with another character (e.g. if windows_1252 or cp1252).

I still haven't found a way of getting that cp850 encoding name programatically from anywhere --- if you ask Python for, say, the "system encoding" or "user's preferred encoding" you get the cp1252 --- so I've had to hard-code it. [EDIT: If you want it, it's ctypes.cdll.kernel32.GetConsoleOutputCP().]

So there you are. I don't have C++ as opposed to Python for Qt, but I have a suspicion that if anyone tries it using the straight C++ Qt way of text = QString(process.readAllStandardOutput()) they'll find they do not actually get to see the £ symbol....

[germyrinn]

Python makes a clear distinction between bytes and strings . Bytes objects contain raw data — a sequence of octets — whereas strings are Unicode sequences . Conversion between these two types is explicit: you encode a string to get bytes, specifying an encoding (which defaults to UTF-8); and you decode bytes to get a string. Clients of these functions should be aware that such conversions may fail, and should consider how failures are handled.

We can convert bytes to string using bytes class decode() instance method, So you need to decode the bytes object to produce a string. In Python 3 , the default encoding is "utf-8" , so you can use directly:

b"python byte to string".decode("utf-8")