KDE's Solid API (which is implemented on Linux, Windows and Mac) has the concept of a Device UID. That is basically what you seem to be looking for, and it is appearantly feasable to implement that on all the platforms.
Note that if you want to list the storage media on the system, you can also use Qt Mobility SystemInfo API' s (also works on the desktop!) to list the devices, and get access to the URL's they reside on.