It's best to post a full self-contained example (C++ or Python) that demonstrates a problem when posting one rather than just a snippet. It helps people to help you more.
That said, it is a clear artifact of how the QTextDocumentLayout class (an internal Qt class that implements paragraph layout for QTextEdit by default) is implemented. List bullets are painted "on top of" and outside the text block that contains the list item, and you can see that not only (what I assume is) the auto-deduced block text direction does not apply to the bullet, also the baseline alignment is wrong.
There are many, many, bugs with more complex document layouts with it - RTL related and otherwise. Your one is already reported as https://qt-project.atlassian.net/browse/QTBUG-60544, and a quick search in Jira will come up with more.
My advice, is that if you are serious about this project of an Arabic language word processor with complex layout support, you should look sooner or later into implementing your own subclass of QAbstractTextDocumentLayout. It is a dark art of sorts, and quite difficult, but the control is needed to reach the level of quality one would expect.