I found a solution with QMAKESPEC
message("SPEC " $$QMAKESPEC)
message("SPEC " $$basename(QMAKESPEC))
The output is for instance:
Project MESSAGE: QMAKESPEC C:/Qt/5.4/mingw491_32/mkspecs/win32-g++
Project MESSAGE: SPEC win32-g++
or on linux
Project MESSAGE: QMAKESPEC /home/bloblo/Qt/5.9.1/gcc_64/mkspecs/linux-g++
Project MESSAGE: SPEC linux-g++