Small examples for game development in Qt, OpenGL, Box2D, Bullet Physics, and OpenAL

8Observer8

Rectangle drawer

WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting

QT += core gui openglwidgets

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp \
    opengl_window.cpp \
    rectangle_drawer.cpp

HEADERS += \
    opengl_window.h \
    rectangle_drawer.h

main.cpp

#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include "opengl_window.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

rectangle_drawer.h

#ifndef RECTANGLE_DRAWER
#define RECTANGLE_DRAWER

#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QVector2D>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>

class RectangleDrawer
{
public:
    RectangleDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program);

    void draw(const QVector2D &position, const QVector2D &size,
        const QVector3D &color, float angle = 0.f);
    void setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix);

private:
    void bind();

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram *m_program;
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    int m_aPositionLocation;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    int m_uColorLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
};

#endif // RECTANGLE_DRAWER

rectangle_drawer.cpp

#include "rectangle_drawer.h"

RectangleDrawer::RectangleDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program)
{
    m_program = program;
    m_program->bind();

    m_aPositionLocation = m_program->attributeLocation("aPosition");
    m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program->uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
    m_uColorLocation = m_program->uniformLocation("uColor");

    float vertPositions[] = {
        -0.5, -0.5,
        0.5, -0.5,
        -0.5, 0.5,
        0.5, 0.5
    };
    m_vertPosBuffer.create();
    m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
    m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
}

void RectangleDrawer::setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix)
{
    m_projViewMatrix = projViewMatrix;
}

void RectangleDrawer::bind()
{
    m_program->bind();
    m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(m_aPositionLocation, GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(m_aPositionLocation);
}

void RectangleDrawer::draw(const QVector2D &position, const QVector2D &size,
    const QVector3D &color, float angle)
{
    bind();
    m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
    m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(position.x(), position.y(), 0.f));
    m_modelMatrix.rotate(angle, QVector3D(0.f, 0.f, 1.f));
    m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(size.x(), size.y(), 1.f));
    m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
    m_program->setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
    m_program->setUniformValue(m_uColorLocation, color);
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
}

opengl_window.h

#ifndef OPENGL_WINDOW
#define OPENGL_WINDOW

#include <QtMath>
#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QQuaternion>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector2D>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>

#include "rectangle_drawer.h"

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow();

    ~OpenGLWindow();

private:
    void initializeGL() override;
    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override;
    void paintGL() override;

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    const float m_worldWidth = 200.f;
    const float m_worldHeight = 100.f;
    float m_worldAspect = m_worldHeight / m_worldWidth;
    int m_viewportX;
    int m_viewportY;
    int m_viewportWidth;
    int m_viewportHeight;
    RectangleDrawer *m_rectangleDrawer;
};

#endif // OPENGL_WINDOW

opengl_window.cpp

#include "opengl_window.h"

OpenGLWindow::OpenGLWindow()
{
    setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
    resize(600, 300);

    QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
    surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
    surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
    setFormat(surfaceFormat);
}

OpenGLWindow::~OpenGLWindow()
{
    delete m_rectangleDrawer;
}

void OpenGLWindow::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();

    QString vertShaderSrc =
        "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
        "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
        "}\n";

    QString fragShaderSrc =
        "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
        "precision mediump float;\n"
        "#endif\n"
        "uniform vec3 uColor;\n"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_FragColor = vec4(uColor, 1.0);\n"
        "}\n";

    m_program.create();
    m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
    m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
    m_program.link();
    m_program.bind();

    m_rectangleDrawer = new RectangleDrawer(&m_program);

    m_viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 0, 1), QVector3D(0, 0, 0), QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
}

void OpenGLWindow::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{
    int deviceW = w * devicePixelRatio();
    int deviceH = h * devicePixelRatio();
    float deviceAspect = deviceH / (float) deviceW;

    if (deviceAspect > m_worldAspect)
    {
        m_viewportWidth = deviceW;
        m_viewportHeight = (int) deviceW * m_worldAspect;
        m_viewportX = 0;
        m_viewportY = (int) (deviceH - m_viewportHeight) / 2.f;
    }
    else
    {
        m_viewportWidth = (int) deviceH / m_worldAspect;
        m_viewportHeight = deviceH;
        m_viewportX = (int) (deviceW - m_viewportWidth) / 2.f;
        m_viewportY = 0;
    }
    m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
    m_projMatrix.ortho(0.f, m_worldWidth, 0.f, m_worldHeight, 1.f, -1.f);
    m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;

    m_rectangleDrawer->setProjViewMatrix(m_projViewMatrix);
}

void OpenGLWindow::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glClearColor(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.f);
    // glClearColor(0.82f, 0.87f, 0.97f, 1.f);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glViewport(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
    glScissor(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
    glClearColor(0.82f, 0.87f, 0.97f, 1.f);
    glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);

    m_rectangleDrawer->draw(QVector2D(50.f, 70.f), QVector2D(72.f, 7.f),
        QVector3D(0.80f, 0.15f, 0.18f), -27.f);
    m_rectangleDrawer->draw(QVector2D(160.f, 50.f), QVector2D(70.f, 5.f),
        QVector3D(0.20f, 0.60f, 0.30f), 10.f);
    m_rectangleDrawer->draw(QVector2D(100.f, 15.f), QVector2D(150.f, 7.f),
        QVector3D(0.25f, 0.31f, 0.85f));
}

8Observer8

Disk drawer

WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting

disk-drawer-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    disk_drawer.cpp \
    main.cpp \
    opengl_window.cpp

HEADERS += \
    disk_drawer.h \
    opengl_window.h

main.cpp

#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include "opengl_window.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

disk_drawer.h

#ifndef DISK_DRAWER
#define DISK_DRAWER

#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QVector2D>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>

class DiskDrawer
{
public:
    DiskDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program);

    void draw(const QVector2D &position, float diameter,
        const QVector3D &color);
    void setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix);

private:
    void bind();

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram *m_program;
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    int m_aPositionLocation;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    int m_uColorLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
    int m_angleStep = 5;
    int m_amountOfDiskVertices = 360 / m_angleStep + 2;
};

#endif // DISK_DRAWER

disk_drawer.cpp

#include "disk_drawer.h"

DiskDrawer::DiskDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program)
{
    m_program = program;
    m_program->bind();

    m_aPositionLocation = m_program->attributeLocation("aPosition");
    m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program->uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
    m_uColorLocation = m_program->uniformLocation("uColor");

    float vertPositions[m_amountOfDiskVertices * 2];
    float radius = 0.5f;
    float angle = 0.f;
    int index = 0;

    // Disk center
    vertPositions[index++] = 0.f;
    vertPositions[index++] = 0.f;

    for (int i = 0; i < m_amountOfDiskVertices - 1; i++)
    {
        float radians = qDegreesToRadians(angle);
        float x = radius * qCos(radians);
        float y = radius * qSin(radians);
        vertPositions[index++] = x;
        vertPositions[index++] = y;
        angle += m_angleStep;
    }

    m_vertPosBuffer.create();
    m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
    m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
}

void DiskDrawer::setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix)
{
    m_projViewMatrix = projViewMatrix;
}

void DiskDrawer::bind()
{
    m_program->bind();
    m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(m_aPositionLocation, GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(m_aPositionLocation);
}

void DiskDrawer::draw(const QVector2D &position, float diameter,
    const QVector3D &color)
{
    bind();
    m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
    m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(position.x(), position.y(), 0.f));
    m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(diameter, diameter, 1.f));
    m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
    m_program->setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
    m_program->setUniformValue(m_uColorLocation, color);
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, m_amountOfDiskVertices);
}

opengl_window.h

#ifndef OPENGL_WINDOW
#define OPENGL_WINDOW

#include <QtMath>
#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QQuaternion>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector2D>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>

#include "disk_drawer.h"

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow();

    ~OpenGLWindow();

private:
    void initializeGL() override;
    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override;
    void paintGL() override;

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    const float m_worldWidth = 200.f;
    const float m_worldHeight = 100.f;
    float m_worldAspect = m_worldHeight / m_worldWidth;
    int m_viewportX;
    int m_viewportY;
    int m_viewportWidth;
    int m_viewportHeight;
    DiskDrawer *m_diskDrawer;
};

#endif // OPENGL_WINDOW

opengl_window.cpp

#include "opengl_window.h"

OpenGLWindow::OpenGLWindow()
{
    setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
    resize(600, 300);

    QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
    surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
    surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
    setFormat(surfaceFormat);
}

OpenGLWindow::~OpenGLWindow()
{
    delete m_diskDrawer;
}

void OpenGLWindow::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();

    QString vertShaderSrc =
        "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
        "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
        "}\n";

    QString fragShaderSrc =
        "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
        "precision mediump float;\n"
        "#endif\n"
        "uniform vec3 uColor;\n"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_FragColor = vec4(uColor, 1.0);\n"
        "}\n";

    m_program.create();
    m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
    m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
    m_program.link();
    m_program.bind();

    m_diskDrawer = new DiskDrawer(&m_program);

    m_viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 0, 1), QVector3D(0, 0, 0), QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
}

void OpenGLWindow::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{
    int deviceW = w * devicePixelRatio();
    int deviceH = h * devicePixelRatio();
    float deviceAspect = deviceH / (float) deviceW;

    if (deviceAspect > m_worldAspect)
    {
        m_viewportWidth = deviceW;
        m_viewportHeight = (int) deviceW * m_worldAspect;
        m_viewportX = 0;
        m_viewportY = (int) (deviceH - m_viewportHeight) / 2.f;
    }
    else
    {
        m_viewportWidth = (int) deviceH / m_worldAspect;
        m_viewportHeight = deviceH;
        m_viewportX = (int) (deviceW - m_viewportWidth) / 2.f;
        m_viewportY = 0;
    }
    m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
    m_projMatrix.ortho(0.f, m_worldWidth, 0.f, m_worldHeight, 1.f, -1.f);
    m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;

    m_diskDrawer->setProjViewMatrix(m_projViewMatrix);
}

void OpenGLWindow::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    // glClearColor(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.f);
    glClearColor(0.82f, 0.87f, 0.97f, 1.f);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glViewport(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
    glScissor(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
    glClearColor(0.82f, 0.87f, 0.97f, 1.f);
    glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);

    m_diskDrawer->draw(QVector2D(50.f, 70.f), 40.f,
        QVector3D(0.80f, 0.15f, 0.18f));
    m_diskDrawer->draw(QVector2D(160.f, 50.f), 50.f,
        QVector3D(0.20f, 0.60f, 0.30f));
    m_diskDrawer->draw(QVector2D(100.f, 15.f), 20.f,
        QVector3D(0.25f, 0.31f, 0.85f));
}

8Observer8

Ring drawer using line drawer

The RingDrawer class uses the LineDrawer class to draw the segments of a ring. For example, for number of segments equals to 10:

void RingDrawer::draw(const QVector2D &center, float radius,
    const QVector3D &color, int numberOfSegments, float thickness)
{
    float angle = 0.f;
    const float angleStep = 360.f / numberOfSegments;

    float x = radius * qCos(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
    float y = radius * qSin(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
    QVector2D from(center.x() + x, center.y() + y);
    angle += angleStep;

    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfSegments; i++)
    {
        x = radius * qCos(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
        y = radius * qSin(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
        QVector2D to(center.x() + x, center.y() + y);
        m_lineDrawer->draw(from, to, color, thickness);
        angle += angleStep;
        from = to;
    }
}

For number of segments equals to 50: WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting

ring-drawer-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    line_drawer.cpp \
    main.cpp \
    opengl_window.cpp \
    ring_drawer.cpp

HEADERS += \
    line_drawer.h \
    opengl_window.h \
    ring_drawer.h

main.cpp

#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include "opengl_window.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

ring_drawer.h

#ifndef RING_DRAWER
#define RING_DRAWER

#include "line_drawer.h"

class RingDrawer
{
public:
    RingDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program);
    ~RingDrawer();

    void draw(const QVector2D &center, float radius,
        const QVector3D &color, int numberOfSegments = 50,
        float thickness = 1.f);
    void setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix);

private:
    LineDrawer *m_lineDrawer;
};

#endif // RING_DRAWER

ring_drawer.cpp

#include <QtMath>

#include "ring_drawer.h"

RingDrawer::RingDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program)
{
    m_lineDrawer = new LineDrawer(program);
}

RingDrawer::~RingDrawer()
{
    delete m_lineDrawer;
}

void RingDrawer::setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix)
{
    m_lineDrawer->setProjViewMatrix(projViewMatrix);
}

void RingDrawer::draw(const QVector2D &center, float radius,
    const QVector3D &color, int numberOfSegments, float thickness)
{
    float angle = 0.f;
    const float angleStep = 360.f / numberOfSegments;

    float x = radius * qCos(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
    float y = radius * qSin(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
    QVector2D from(center.x() + x, center.y() + y);
    angle += angleStep;

    for (int i = 0; i < numberOfSegments; i++)
    {
        x = radius * qCos(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
        y = radius * qSin(qDegreesToRadians(angle));
        QVector2D to(center.x() + x, center.y() + y);
        m_lineDrawer->draw(from, to, color, thickness);
        angle += angleStep;
        from = to;
    }
}

opengl_window.h

#ifndef OPENGL_WINDOW
#define OPENGL_WINDOW

#include <QtMath>
#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QQuaternion>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector2D>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>

#include "ring_drawer.h"

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow();

    ~OpenGLWindow();

private:
    void initializeGL() override;
    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override;
    void paintGL() override;

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    const float m_worldWidth = 200.f;
    const float m_worldHeight = 100.f;
    float m_worldAspect = m_worldHeight / m_worldWidth;
    int m_viewportX;
    int m_viewportY;
    int m_viewportWidth;
    int m_viewportHeight;
    RingDrawer *m_ringDrawer;
};

#endif // OPENGL_WINDOW

opengl_window.cpp

#include "opengl_window.h"

OpenGLWindow::OpenGLWindow()
{
    setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
    resize(600, 300);

    QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
    surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
    surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
    setFormat(surfaceFormat);
}

OpenGLWindow::~OpenGLWindow()
{
    delete m_ringDrawer;
}

void OpenGLWindow::initializeGL()
{
    initializeOpenGLFunctions();


    QString vertShaderSrc =
        "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
        "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
        "}\n";

    QString fragShaderSrc =
        "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
        "precision mediump float;\n"
        "#endif\n"
        "uniform vec3 uColor;\n"
        "void main()\n"
        "{\n"
        "    gl_FragColor = vec4(uColor, 1.0);\n"
        "}\n";

    m_program.create();
    m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
    m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
    m_program.link();
    m_program.bind();

    m_ringDrawer = new RingDrawer(&m_program);

    m_viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 0, 1), QVector3D(0, 0, 0), QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
}

void OpenGLWindow::resizeGL(int w, int h)
{
    int deviceW = w * devicePixelRatio();
    int deviceH = h * devicePixelRatio();
    float deviceAspect = deviceH / (float) deviceW;

    if (deviceAspect > m_worldAspect)
    {
        m_viewportWidth = deviceW;
        m_viewportHeight = (int) deviceW * m_worldAspect;
        m_viewportX = 0;
        m_viewportY = (int) (deviceH - m_viewportHeight) / 2.f;
    }
    else
    {
        m_viewportWidth = (int) deviceH / m_worldAspect;
        m_viewportHeight = deviceH;
        m_viewportX = (int) (deviceW - m_viewportWidth) / 2.f;
        m_viewportY = 0;
    }
    m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
    m_projMatrix.ortho(0.f, m_worldWidth, 0.f, m_worldHeight, 1.f, -1.f);
    m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;

    m_ringDrawer->setProjViewMatrix(m_projViewMatrix);
}

void OpenGLWindow::paintGL()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    // glClearColor(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.f);
    glClearColor(0.82f, 0.87f, 0.97f, 1.f);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glViewport(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
    glScissor(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
    glClearColor(0.82f, 0.87f, 0.97f, 1.f);
    glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);

    m_ringDrawer->draw(QVector2D(50.f, 70.f), 20.f,
        QVector3D(0.80f, 0.15f, 0.18f));
    m_ringDrawer->draw(QVector2D(160.f, 50.f), 25.f,
        QVector3D(0.20f, 0.60f, 0.30f));
    m_ringDrawer->draw(QVector2D(100.f, 15.f), 10.f,
        QVector3D(0.25f, 0.31f, 0.85f));
}

line_drawer.h

#ifndef LINE_DRAWER
#define LINE_DRAWER

#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QVector2D>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>

class LineDrawer
{
public:
    LineDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program);

    void draw(const QVector2D &from, const QVector2D &to,
        const QVector3D &color, float thickness = 1.f);
    void setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix);

private:
    void bind();

private:
    QOpenGLShaderProgram *m_program;
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    int m_aPositionLocation;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    int m_uColorLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
};

#endif // LINE_DRAWER

line_drawer.cpp

#include "line_drawer.h"

LineDrawer::LineDrawer(QOpenGLShaderProgram *program)
{
    m_program = program;
    m_program->bind();

    m_aPositionLocation = m_program->attributeLocation("aPosition");
    m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program->uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
    m_uColorLocation = m_program->uniformLocation("uColor");

    float vertPositions[] = {
        -0.5, -0.5,
        0.5, -0.5,
        -0.5, 0.5,
        0.5, 0.5
    };
    m_vertPosBuffer.create();
    m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
    m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
}

void LineDrawer::setProjViewMatrix(const QMatrix4x4 &projViewMatrix)
{
    m_projViewMatrix = projViewMatrix;
}

void LineDrawer::bind()
{
    m_program->bind();
    m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
    m_program->setAttributeBuffer(m_aPositionLocation, GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
    m_program->enableAttributeArray(m_aPositionLocation);
}

void LineDrawer::draw(const QVector2D &from, const QVector2D &to,
    const QVector3D &color, float thickness)
{
    bind();
    float centerX, centerY;
    QVector3D tempVec;

    if (from.x() > to.x())
    {
        centerX = to.x() + std::abs(from.x() - to.x()) / 2.f;
    }
    else
    {
        centerX = from.x() + std::abs(to.x() - from.x()) / 2.f;
    }

    if (from.y() > to.y())
    {
        centerY = to.y() + std::abs(from.y() - to.y()) / 2.f;
    }
    else
    {
        centerY = from.y() + std::abs(to.y() - from.y()) / 2.f;
    }

    tempVec.setX(to.x() - from.x());
    tempVec.setY(to.y() - from.y());
    float length = tempVec.length();
    tempVec.normalize();
    QQuaternion quat = QQuaternion::rotationTo(QVector3D(1, 0, 0), tempVec);

    m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
    m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(centerX, centerY, 0));
    m_modelMatrix.rotate(quat);
    m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(length, thickness, 1));
    m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
    m_program->setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
    m_program->setUniformValue(m_uColorLocation, color);
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
}

8Observer8

Orbit controls

I have created the OrbitControls class to pan a camera with right mouse button, rotate with the left mouse button, and zoom in/out with the wheel:

WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting

It is not ready to pan and zoom in/out on Android, rotation only:

Source code for QOpenGLWindow, Qt6, C++

8Observer8

How to set up Box2D in Qt Creator from sources for build for Android, Desktop, and WebAssembly

I have recorded this video today. But I don't like it. The voice is too low. I will make another video later and I will delete this one.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OE4OOPQC7Nk

8Observer8

Detecting a mobile browser with Qt WebAssembly (topic)

It is important to determine whether a WebAssembly game is running on a mobile device or a personal computer in order to show or hide the joystick.

#ifdef Q_OS_WASM
#include <emscripten.h>
#endif

#include "widget.h"

#ifdef Q_OS_WASM
EM_JS(bool, isMobile, (), {
    return /iPhone|iPad|iPod|Android/i.test(navigator.userAgent);
})
#endif

Widget::Widget(QWidget *parent)
    : QWidget(parent)
{
    bool isMobile = false;

#ifdef Q_OS_WASM
    isMobile = isMobile();
#endif

#if defined Q_OS_ANDROID || defined Q_OS_IOS
    isMobile = true;
#endif

    qDebug() << "isMobile:" << isMobile;
}

Don't forget to add wasm: here:

QT += core gui widgets

CONFIG += c++17

wasm: INCLUDEPATH += "C:\emsdk\upstream\emscripten\cache\sysroot\include"

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp \
    widget.cpp

HEADERS += \
    widget.h

8Observer8

Get data with Qt client from deployed Node.js server using WebSockets (topic)

My following Qt 6.6.3 example works on Android, Desktop, and Web (with Qt WebAssembly). It prints data received from the server. The server contains the Box2D-WASM library. It sends the gravity value in JSON format when a client is connected. It is useful example to make multiplayer games with physics on the server side. I have deployed the example on free Glitch hosting: https://glitch.com/edit/#!/merciful-regal-soursop from the GitHub repository: send-gravity-from-server-to-client-box2d-wasm-js The client contains only one main.cpp file. It outputs the following information to the console:

connected
"{\"action\":\"scGravity\",\"data\":\"{\\\"x\\\":0,\\\"y\\\":-3}\"}"

You should download OpenSSL to run the following example on Android. Open the following window in Qt Creator (Edit > Preferences... > Devices > Android):

Add the following path to your pro-file:

QT += core gui websockets widgets

android: include(C:/Qt/Tools/OpenSSL-1.1.1j/Win_x64/bin/openssl.pri)

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

Read how to add OpenSSL to your CMake project if you use CMake instead of QMake in the Qt documentaion: Adding OpenSSL Support for Android

Build the following example for Android, Desktop, and WebAssembly (I have tested it):

main.cpp

#include <QtNetwork/QNetworkRequest>
#include <QtWebSockets/QWebSocket>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include <QtWidgets/QWidget>

class Widget : public QWidget
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    Widget()
    {
        setWindowTitle("Show gravity from server with Box2D-WASM");
        resize(420, 200);

        connect(&m_webSocket, &QWebSocket::connected,
            this, &Widget::onConnected);
        connect(&m_webSocket, &QWebSocket::textMessageReceived,
            this, &Widget::onMessageReceived);
        connect(&m_webSocket, &QWebSocket::errorOccurred,
            this, &Widget::onErrorOccurred);

        QUrl url("wss://merciful-regal-soursop.glitch.me");

        QNetworkRequest request;
        request.setUrl(url);
        request.setRawHeader(QByteArray("User-Agent"),
            QByteArray("Mozilla/5.0 "
                       "(Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) "
                       "Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"));

        m_webSocket.open(request);
    }

private slots:

    void onConnected()
    {
        qDebug() << "connected";
    }
    void onMessageReceived(const QString &message)
    {
        qDebug() << message;
    }

    void onErrorOccurred(QAbstractSocket::SocketError error)
    {
        qDebug() << "!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!";
        qDebug() << "Error:" << error;
        qDebug() << "Device supports OpenSSL:" << QSslSocket::supportsSsl();
        qDebug() << "!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!";
    }

private:
    QWebSocket m_webSocket;
};

#include "main.moc"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    Widget w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

8Observer8

How to set up PyOpenAL

PyOpenAL (released Dec 17, 2019): https://pypi.org/project/PyOpenAL/

pip install PyOpenAL

You can use original OpenAL API but PyOpenAL has a helpful wrapper functions. If your audio file plays with problems try to open it in the Audacity and export it with Encoding: Signed 16-bit PCM:

8Observer8

Play sound by button click with PyOpenAL

pip install PyOpenAL PySide6

import sys

from openal import oalOpen
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QPushButton, QWidget


class Widget(QWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("PyOpenAL, PySide6")
        self.resize(300, 150)

        self.btn = QPushButton("Play Sound", self)
        self.btn.clicked.connect(self.onPlay)

        self.source = oalOpen("assets/bounce.wav")
    
    def onPlay(self):
        self.source.play()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = Widget()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

These are the Audacity settings when exporting an audio file. By default for PyOpenAL it must be "Encoding: Signed 16-bit PCM":

8Observer8

Music volume slider

pip install PyOpenAL PySide6

The free audio file from itch is used in this example.

import sys

from openal import oalOpen, oalQuit
from PySide6.QtCore import Qt
from PySide6.QtWidgets import (QApplication, QCheckBox, QHBoxLayout, QPushButton,
                             QSlider, QVBoxLayout, QWidget)


class Widget(QWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("PyOpenAL, PySide6")
        self.resize(300, 150)

        # Music check box
        playMusic = QCheckBox("Play music")
        # playMusic.toggle()
        # print(playMusic.isChecked())
        playMusic.stateChanged.connect(self.onPlayMusic)

        # Sound button
        playSoundButton = QPushButton("Play sound")
        playSoundButton.clicked.connect(self.onPlaySound)

        mousicVolume = 0.1

        # Volume slider
        volumeSlider = QSlider(Qt.Orientation.Horizontal)
        volumeSlider.setValue(int(mousicVolume * 100))
        volumeSlider.valueChanged[int].connect(self.onChangeVolume)

        self.mousicSource = oalOpen("assets/infant_tour.wav")
        self.soundSource = oalOpen("assets/bounce.wav")
        self.mousicSource.set_gain(mousicVolume)

        self.mousicSource.set_looping(True)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()
        vbox.addWidget(volumeSlider)
        vbox.addWidget(playMusic)
        vbox.addWidget(playSoundButton)
        vbox.addStretch(1)

        hbox = QHBoxLayout()
        hbox.addLayout(vbox)
        hbox.addStretch(1)
        self.setLayout(hbox)

    def onPlayMusic(self, state):
        
        if state == Qt.CheckState.Checked.value:
            self.mousicSource.play()
        else:
            self.mousicSource.pause()

    def onPlaySound(self):
        self.soundSource.play()

    def onChangeVolume(self, value):
        self.mousicSource.set_gain(value / 100)

    def closeEvent(self, event):
        oalQuit()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = Widget()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

8Observer8

Custom OpenGL button for WebAssembly and Android

You cannot make the standard Qt button for WebAssembly because of this bug: https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-120651 (you can use the patch from the "Gerrit Reviews") But OpenGL allows to make custom GUI elements.

WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting (QOpenGLWindow)

QOpenGLWindow works on Android 7.1.2 in the mobile browser without problems. You can find a lot of GUI game assets on itch: https://itch.io/game-assets/tag-gui I use the following GUI game asset in this demo: https://wenrexa.itch.io/holoui I have used Free Texture Packer to pack to button textures to one texture + json-file. Text was added in GIMP.

Source code for Qt6 C++

The same demo for SDL3:

Click buttons with color ID using glReadPixels

Demo in the browser

This example uses the following GUI asset: https://wenrexa.itch.io/holoui. You can find a lot of GUI assets on itch: https://itch.io/game-assets/tag-gui I packed the GUI textures using Free Texture Packer to one texture + JSON. RapidJSON is used to parse the JSON file.

Tools: SDL3, Emscripten, C++, CMake, OpenGL ES 2.0, GLM, stb_image, Free Texture Packer, and RapidJSON

8Observer8

Activating the discrete GeForce of Radeon video card and OpenGL 3.3 Core profile on laptops

You can make it with the following code. The first one is for GeForce. The second one is for Radeon. If you can GeForce the second like with be ignored.

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) DWORD NvOptimusEnablement = 0x00000001;
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) DWORD AmdPowerXpressRequestHighPerformance = 0x00000001;
#endif

main.cpp

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) DWORD NvOptimusEnablement = 0x00000001;
extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) DWORD AmdPowerXpressRequestHighPerformance = 0x00000001;
#endif

#include <QtGui/QOpenGLContext>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();

        qDebug() << "OpenGL version:" << (const char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION);
        qDebug() << "GLSL version: " << (const char*) glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION);
        qDebug() << "Vendor: " << (const char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR);
    }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    QSurfaceFormat fmt;
    fmt.setDepthBufferSize(24);

    // Request OpenGL 3.3 core or OpenGL ES 3.0.
    if (QOpenGLContext::openGLModuleType() == QOpenGLContext::LibGL)
    {
        qDebug("Requesting 3.3 core context");
        fmt.setVersion(3, 3);
        fmt.setProfile(QSurfaceFormat::CoreProfile);
    }
    else
    {
        qDebug("Requesting 3.0 context");
        fmt.setVersion(3, 0);
    }

    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.setFormat(fmt);
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

Output:

Requesting 3.3 core context
OpenGL version: 3.3.0 NVIDIA 391.35
GLSL version:  3.30 NVIDIA via Cg compiler
Vendor:  NVIDIA Corporation

By default the laptops with two video cards use the integrated video card:

main.cpp

#include <QtGui/QOpenGLContext>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();

        qDebug() << "OpenGL version:" << (const char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION);
        qDebug() << "GLSL version: " << (const char*) glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION);
        qDebug() << "Vendor: " << (const char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR);
    }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    QSurfaceFormat fmt;
    fmt.setDepthBufferSize(24);

    // Request OpenGL 3.3 core or OpenGL ES 3.0.
    if (QOpenGLContext::openGLModuleType() == QOpenGLContext::LibGL)
    {
        qDebug("Requesting 3.3 core context");
        fmt.setVersion(3, 3);
        fmt.setProfile(QSurfaceFormat::CoreProfile);
    }
    else
    {
        qDebug("Requesting 3.0 context");
        fmt.setVersion(3, 0);
    }

    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.setFormat(fmt);
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

Output:

Requesting 3.3 core context
OpenGL version: 3.1.0 - Build 9.17.10.4459
GLSL version:  1.40 - Intel Build 9.17.10.4459
Vendor:  Intel

8Observer8

Rotate a 3D vector around X, Y, Z axes

In my example, three vectors are rotated 10 degrees around the X, Y and Z axes:

Rotate the vector (0.f, 0.f, 1.f) 10 degrees around the X axis. Output: (0, -0.173648, 0.984808)
Rotate the vector (1.f, 0.f, 0.f) 10 degrees around the Y axis. Output: (0.984808, 0, -0.173648)
Rotate the vector (0.f, 1.f, 0.f) 10 degrees around the Z axis. Output: (-0.173648, 0.984808, 0)

#include <QtGlobal>
#include <QtMath>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
    virtual void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();

        // Rotate a 3D vector around the x-axis
        QVector3D vector1(0.f, 0.f, 1.f);
        QVector3D origin1(0.f, 0.f, 0.f);
        float r1 = qDegreesToRadians(10.f);
        QVector3D out1 = rotateX(vector1, origin1, r1);
        qDebug() << out1;

        // Rotate a 3D vector around the y-axis
        QVector3D vector2(1.f, 0.f, 0.f);
        QVector3D origin2(0.f, 0.f, 0.f);
        float r2 = qDegreesToRadians(10.f);
        QVector3D out2 = rotateY(vector2, origin2, r2);
        qDebug() << out2;

        // Rotate a 3D vector around the z-axis
        QVector3D vector3(0.f, 1.f, 0.f);
        QVector3D origin3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f);
        float r3 = qDegreesToRadians(10.f);
        QVector3D out3 = rotateZ(vector3, origin3, r3);
        qDebug() << out3;
    }

    QVector3D rotateX(const QVector3D &vector, const QVector3D &origin, float rad)
    {
        // Translate point to the origin
        QVector3D pos;
        pos.setX(vector.x() - origin.x());
        pos.setY(vector.y() - origin.y());
        pos.setZ(vector.z() - origin.z());

        // Perform rotation
        QVector3D rot;
        rot.setX(pos.x());
        rot.setY(pos.y() * qCos(rad) - pos.z() * qSin(rad));
        rot.setZ(pos.y() * qSin(rad) + pos.z() * qCos(rad));

        // Translate to correct position
        QVector3D out;
        out.setX(rot.x() + origin.x());
        out.setY(rot.y() + origin.y());
        out.setZ(rot.z() + origin.z());

        return out;
    }

    QVector3D rotateY(const QVector3D &vector, const QVector3D &origin, float rad)
    {
        // Translate point to the origin
        QVector3D pos;
        pos.setX(vector.x() - origin.x());
        pos.setY(vector.y() - origin.y());
        pos.setZ(vector.z() - origin.z());

        // Perform rotation
        QVector3D rot;
        rot.setX(pos.z() * qSin(rad) + pos.x() * qCos(rad));
        rot.setY(pos.y());
        rot.setZ(pos.z() * qCos(rad) - pos.x() * qSin(rad));

        // Translate to correct position
        QVector3D out;
        out.setX(rot.x() + origin.x());
        out.setY(rot.y() + origin.y());
        out.setZ(rot.z() + origin.z());

        return out;
    }

    QVector3D rotateZ(const QVector3D &vector, const QVector3D &origin, float rad)
    {
        // Translate point to the origin
        QVector3D pos;
        pos.setX(vector.x() - origin.x());
        pos.setY(vector.y() - origin.y());
        pos.setZ(vector.z() - origin.z());

        // Perform rotation
        QVector3D rot;
        rot.setX(pos.x() * qCos(rad) - pos.y() * qSin(rad));
        rot.setY(pos.x() * qSin(rad) + pos.y() * qCos(rad));
        rot.setZ(pos.z());

        // Translate to correct position
        QVector3D out;
        out.setX(rot.x() + origin.x());
        out.setY(rot.y() + origin.y());
        out.setZ(rot.z() + origin.z());

        return out;
    }
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

Source: https://glmatrix.net/docs/vec3.js.html#line564

Using GLM:

// Input vector
auto v = glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 1.f);
std::cout << v.x << ", " << v.y << ", " << v.z << std::endl;
// Rotation
auto rotationMatrix = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.f), glm::radians(10.f), glm::vec3{1.f, 0.f, 0.f});
auto newVector = rotationMatrix * glm::vec4(v, 0.f);
std::cout << newVector.x << ", " << newVector.y << ", " << newVector.z << std::endl;
// Output: 0, -0.173648, 0.984808

Stack Oveflow: https://stackoverflow.com/a/78633772/4159530

8Observer8

This post is deleted!

8Observer8

I have found two solutions how I can make the first person movement in the browser. Qt doesn't allow it because it is impossible to call emscripten_request_pointerlock() from Qt application: https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-126513

The first solution is to use pure WebGL and Ammo.js: Click to run a demo in the browser

The second solution is to use SDL3, Emscripten, and Bullet Physics: Click to run a demo in the browser

The demo allows to move with first person and third person view:

Baked shadows and textures using SDL3, Emscripten, OpenGL ES 2.0, Bullet Physics, and C++

Demo in the browser

QtWS: Early Bird Tickets Available!

Small examples for game development in Qt, OpenGL, Box2D, Bullet Physics, and OpenAL