Small examples for game development in Qt, OpenGL, Box2D, Bullet Physics, and OpenAL

[8Observer8]

Set up tools and packages

Install all packages using this command: pip install PySide PyOpenGL numpy Box2D PyOpenAL

Useful packages for development in Python: pip install isort and pip install pyflakes. Run them like this: isort . and pyflakes . The dot means that these commands will be applied to all files. isort . - sorts imports in the alphabet order. pyflakes . detects what imports are unused.

Sublime Text 4 - very lightweight code editor for budget laptops. It can be used for Python, JavaScript, TypeScript, and even Qt C++.

You can run applications from the command line like this:

Python:

python main.py

JavaScript and TypeScript:

npm run dev
npm run release

Qt C++:

To build the Qt project from command like you need to run qmake.exe and mingw32-make.exe from the command line. qmake.exe is in this folder: C:\Qt\6.6.3\mingw_64\bin. You can find mingw32-make.exe is in this folder: C:\Qt\Tools\mingw1120_64\bin. These folder's paths must be added to the Path environment variable. You can open the Path environment variable dialog using this command: rundll32 sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariables Type the following commands from the root project folder to build and run the project:

qmake -makefile
mingw32-make
"release/app"

Note. You can type your application name instead of app above. You can set your EXE name by typing TARGET = app in the pro file like this:

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

TARGET = app

This is the .gitignore file for Qt6 projects:

build/
debug/
release/
*.stash
*.pro.user
Makefile
Makefile.Debug
Makefile.Release

[8Observer8]

Set the background color to gray

For WebAssembly you should call glClearColor inside of paintGL for QOpenGLWidget. For QOpenGLWindow the glClearColor can be called inside of initializeGL.

• WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting (QOpenGLWindow)
• WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting (QOpenGLWidget)

Source code for QOpenGLWidget :

• Qt6 C++
• PySide6
• PyQt6

Source code for QOpenGLWindow :

• Qt6 C++
• PySide6
• PyQt6

Pure WebGL, JavaScript, and TypeScript:

• WebGL 1.0 JavaScript
• WebGL 1.0 TypeScript
• WebGL 2.0 JavaScript
• WebGL 2.0 TypeScript

[8Observer8]

Simple triangle

• WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting (QOpenGLWidget)
• WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting (QOpenGLWindow)

Source code for QOpenGLWidget:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

Source code for QOpenGLWindow:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

WebGL 1.0 and JavaScript:

• Playground
• Source code

Simple square

WebGL demo

Source code for QOpenGLWidget:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

Source code for QOpenGLWindow:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

WebGL 1.0 and JavaScript:

• Playground
• Source code

[8Observer8]

Transformed rectangle

WebGL demo

Source code for QOpenGLWidget:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

Source code for QOpenGLWindow:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

WebGL 1.0 and JavaScript:

• Playground
• Source code

[8Observer8]

Game loop and delta time with QOpenGLWindow

PySide6, Python:

main.py

import sys

from OpenGL.GL import GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, glClear, glClearColor
from PySide6.QtCore import QElapsedTimer, Qt
from PySide6.QtGui import QSurfaceFormat
from PySide6.QtOpenGL import QOpenGLWindow
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication


class OpenGLWindow(QOpenGLWindow):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, PySide6, Python")
        self.resize(350, 350)

        surfaceFormat = QSurfaceFormat()
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24)
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4)
        surfaceFormat.setSwapInterval(0)
        self.frameSwapped.connect(self.update)
        self.setFormat(surfaceFormat)

    def initializeGL(self):
        glClearColor(0.1, 0.3, 0.2, 1)
        self.elapsedTimer = QElapsedTimer()
        self.elapsedTimer.start()

    def resizeGL(self, w, h):
        pass

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        dt = self.elapsedTimer.elapsed() / 1000
        self.elapsedTimer.restart()
        print("dt =", dt)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.ApplicationAttribute.AA_UseDesktopOpenGL)
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = OpenGLWindow()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

Qt6, C++:

main.cpp

#include <QtCore/QElapsedTimer>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(350, 350);

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        surfaceFormat.setSwapInterval(0);
        connect(this, SIGNAL(frameSwapped()), this, SLOT(update()));
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.3f, 0.2f, 1.f);
        m_elapsedTimer.start();
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        float dt = m_elapsedTimer.elapsed() / 1000.f;
        m_elapsedTimer.restart();
        qDebug() << "dt =" << dt;
    }

private:
    QElapsedTimer m_elapsedTimer;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

game-loop-dt-qopenglwindow-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

[8Observer8]

Game loop and delta time with QOpenGLWidget

PySide6, Python:

main.py

import sys

from OpenGL.GL import GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, glClear, glClearColor
from PySide6.QtCore import QElapsedTimer, Qt, QTimer
from PySide6.QtOpenGLWidgets import QOpenGLWidget
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication


class OpenGLWidget(QOpenGLWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.setWindowTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, PySide6, Python")
        self.resize(350, 350)

    def initializeGL(self):
        glClearColor(0.1, 0.3, 0.2, 1)

        self.elapsedTimer = QElapsedTimer()
        self.elapsedTimer.start()

        self.timer = QTimer()
        self.timer.timeout.connect(self.update)
        self.timer.start(1000//60)

    def resizeGL(self, w, h):
        pass

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        dt = self.elapsedTimer.elapsed() / 1000
        self.elapsedTimer.restart()
        print("dt =", dt)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.ApplicationAttribute.AA_UseDesktopOpenGL)
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = OpenGLWidget()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

Qt6, C++:

main.cpp

#include <QtCore/QElapsedTimer>
#include <QtCore/QTimer>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtOpenGLWidgets/QOpenGLWidget>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWidget : public QOpenGLWidget, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWidget()
    {
        setWindowTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(350, 350);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.3f, 0.2f, 1.f);

        // connect(&m_timer, &QTimer::timeout, &OpenGLWidget::update);
        connect(&m_timer, SIGNAL(timeout()), this, SLOT(update()));
        m_elapsedTimer.start();
        m_timer.start();
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        float dt = m_elapsedTimer.elapsed() / 1000.f;
        m_elapsedTimer.restart();
        qDebug() << "dt =" << dt;
    }

private:
    QElapsedTimer m_elapsedTimer;
    QTimer m_timer;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWidget w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

game-loop-dt-qopenglwidget-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

[8Observer8]

Keyboard handling

PySide6, Python:

main.py

import sys

from OpenGL.GL import GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, glClear, glClearColor
from PySide6.QtCore import QElapsedTimer, Qt
from PySide6.QtGui import QSurfaceFormat
from PySide6.QtOpenGL import QOpenGLWindow
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication


class OpenGLWindow(QOpenGLWindow):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, PySide6, Python")
        self.resize(350, 350)

        surfaceFormat = QSurfaceFormat()
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24)
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4)
        surfaceFormat.setSwapInterval(0)
        self.frameSwapped.connect(self.update)
        self.setFormat(surfaceFormat)

        self.keys = { "up": False, "left": False,
            "down": False, "right": False }

    def initializeGL(self):
        glClearColor(0.1, 0.3, 0.2, 1)
        self.elapsedTimer = QElapsedTimer()
        self.elapsedTimer.start()

    def resizeGL(self, w, h):
        pass

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        dt = self.elapsedTimer.elapsed() / 1000
        self.elapsedTimer.restart()
        # print("dt =", dt)
        self.keyboardHandler()

    def keyboardHandler(self):
        if self.keys["up"]:
            print("up")
        if self.keys["left"]:
            print("left")
        if self.keys["down"]:
            print("down")
        if self.keys["right"]:
            print("right")

    def keyPressEvent(self, event):
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_W or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Up:
            self.keys["up"] = True
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_A or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Left:
            self.keys["left"] = True
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_S or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Down:
            self.keys["down"] = True
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_D or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Right:
            self.keys["right"] = True
 
    def keyReleaseEvent(self, event):
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_W or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Up:
            self.keys["up"] = False
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_A or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Left:
            self.keys["left"] = False
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_S or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Down:
            self.keys["down"] = False
        if event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_D or event.key() == Qt.Key.Key_Right:
            self.keys["right"] = False

if __name__ == "__main__":
    QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.ApplicationAttribute.AA_UseDesktopOpenGL)
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = OpenGLWindow()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

Qt6, C++:

main.cpp

#include <QtCore/QElapsedTimer>
#include <QtCore/QMap>
#include <QtGui/QKeyEvent>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(350, 350);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.3f, 0.2f, 1.f);

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        surfaceFormat.setSwapInterval(0);
        connect(this, SIGNAL(frameSwapped()), this, SLOT(update()));
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);

        m_elapsedTimer.start();
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        float dt = m_elapsedTimer.elapsed() / 1000.f;
        m_elapsedTimer.restart();
        // qDebug() << "dt =" << dt;
        keyboardHandler();
    }

    void keyboardHandler()
    {
        if (m_keys["up"])
        {
            qDebug() << "up";
        }
        if (m_keys["left"])
        {
            qDebug() << "left";
        }
        if (m_keys["down"])
        {
            qDebug() << "down";
        }
        if (m_keys["right"])
        {
            qDebug() << "right";
        }
    }

    void keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event) override
    {
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_W || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Up)
        {
            m_keys["up"] = true;
        }
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_A || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Left)
        {
            m_keys["left"] = true;
        }
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_S || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Down)
        {
            m_keys["down"] = true;
        }
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_D || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Right)
        {
            m_keys["right"] = true;
        }
    }

    void keyReleaseEvent(QKeyEvent *event) override
    {
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_W || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Up)
        {
            m_keys["up"] = false;
        }
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_A || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Left)
        {
            m_keys["left"] = false;
        }
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_S || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Down)
        {
            m_keys["down"] = false;
        }
        if (event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_D || event->key() == Qt::Key::Key_Right)
        {
            m_keys["right"] = false;
        }
    }

private:
    QElapsedTimer m_elapsedTimer;
    QMap<QString, bool> m_keys;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

keyboard-handling-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

[8Observer8]

Draw a few rectangles with different colors

I have replaced the following code in the Transformed rectangle example:

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        self.modelMatrix.setToIdentity()
        self.modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(50, 50, 0))
        self.modelMatrix.rotate(10, QVector3D(0, 0, 1))
        self.modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(80, 10, 1))
        self.mvpMatrix = self.projViewMatrix * self.modelMatrix
        self.program.setUniformValue(self.uMvpMatrixLocation, self.mvpMatrix)
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)

with this one:

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        self.drawRectangle(x = 50, y = 50, w = 80, h = 10, angle = 10,
            color = QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18))
        self.drawRectangle(x = 30, y = 20, w = 50, h = 20, angle = 0,
            color = QVector3D(0.3, 0.07, 0.5))
        self.drawRectangle(x = 50, y = 80, w = 40, h = 15, angle = -20,
            color = QVector3D(0.2, 0.3, 0.1))

    def drawRectangle(self, x, y, w, h, angle, color):
        self.modelMatrix.setToIdentity()
        self.modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(x, y, 0))
        self.modelMatrix.rotate(angle, QVector3D(0, 0, 1))
        self.modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(w, h, 1))
        self.mvpMatrix = self.projViewMatrix * self.modelMatrix
        self.program.setUniformValue(self.uMvpMatrixLocation, self.mvpMatrix)
        self.program.setUniformValue(self.uColorLocation, color)
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)

PySide6, Python:

import sys

import numpy as np
from OpenGL.GL import (GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, GL_FLOAT, GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP,
                       glClear, glClearColor, glDrawArrays)
from PySide6.QtCore import Qt
from PySide6.QtGui import QMatrix4x4, QSurfaceFormat, QVector3D
from PySide6.QtOpenGL import (QOpenGLBuffer, QOpenGLShader,
                              QOpenGLShaderProgram, QOpenGLWindow)
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication


class OpenGLWindow(QOpenGLWindow):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, PySide6, Python")
        self.initialWindowWidth = 380
        self.initialWindowHeight = 380
        self.resize(self.initialWindowWidth, self.initialWindowHeight)
        self.worldWidth = 100
        self.worldHeight = 100

        surfaceFormat = QSurfaceFormat()
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24)
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4)
        self.setFormat(surfaceFormat)

    def initializeGL(self):
        glClearColor(0.04, 0.62, 0.48, 1)

        vertShaderSrc = """
            attribute vec2 aPosition;
            uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;
            void main()
            {
                gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
            }
        """

        fragShaderSrc = """
            #ifdef GL_ES
            precision mediump float;
            #endif
            uniform vec3 uColor;
            void main()
            {
                gl_FragColor = vec4(uColor, 1.0);
            }
        """

        self.program = QOpenGLShaderProgram()
        self.program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader.ShaderTypeBit.Vertex, vertShaderSrc)
        self.program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader.ShaderTypeBit.Fragment, fragShaderSrc)
        self.program.link()
        self.program.bind()

        vertPositions = np.array([
            -0.5, -0.5,
            0.5, -0.5,
            -0.5, 0.5,
            0.5, 0.5], dtype=np.float32)
        self.vertPosBuffer = QOpenGLBuffer()
        self.vertPosBuffer.create()
        self.vertPosBuffer.bind()
        self.vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, len(vertPositions) * 4)
        self.program.setAttributeBuffer("aPosition", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2)
        self.program.enableAttributeArray("aPosition")

        self.uColorLocation = self.program.uniformLocation("uColor")
        self.uMvpMatrixLocation = self.program.uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix")

        self.viewMatrix = QMatrix4x4()
        self.viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 0, 1), QVector3D(0, 0, 0),
            QVector3D(0, 1, 0))

        self.projMatrix = QMatrix4x4()
        self.projViewMatrix = QMatrix4x4()
        self.modelMatrix = QMatrix4x4()
        self.mvpMatrix = QMatrix4x4()

    def resizeGL(self, w, h):
        coofWidth = w / self.initialWindowWidth
        coofHeight = h / self.initialWindowHeight

        self.projMatrix.setToIdentity()
        self.projMatrix.ortho(0, self.worldWidth * coofWidth,
            0, self.worldHeight * coofHeight, 1, -1)
        self.projViewMatrix = self.projMatrix * self.viewMatrix

    def paintGL(self):
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        self.drawRectangle(x = 50, y = 50, w = 80, h = 10, angle = 10,
            color = QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18))
        self.drawRectangle(x = 30, y = 20, w = 50, h = 20, angle = 0,
            color = QVector3D(0.3, 0.07, 0.5))
        self.drawRectangle(x = 50, y = 80, w = 40, h = 15, angle = -20,
            color = QVector3D(0.2, 0.3, 0.1))

    def drawRectangle(self, x, y, w, h, angle, color):
        self.modelMatrix.setToIdentity()
        self.modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(x, y, 0))
        self.modelMatrix.rotate(angle, QVector3D(0, 0, 1))
        self.modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(w, h, 1))
        self.mvpMatrix = self.projViewMatrix * self.modelMatrix
        self.program.setUniformValue(self.uMvpMatrixLocation, self.mvpMatrix)
        self.program.setUniformValue(self.uColorLocation, color)
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.ApplicationAttribute.AA_UseDesktopOpenGL)
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = OpenGLWindow()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

Qt6, C++:

main.cpp

#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(380, 380);

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(0.04f, 0.62f, 0.48f, 1.f);

        QString vertShaderSrc =
            "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
            "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        QString fragShaderSrc =
            "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
            "precision mediump float;\n"
            "#endif\n"
            "uniform vec3 uColor;\n"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_FragColor = vec4(uColor, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        m_program.create();
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
        m_program.link();
        m_program.bind();

        float vertPositions[] = {
            -0.5f, -0.5f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,
            -0.5f, 0.5f,
            0.5f, 0.5f
        };
        m_vertPosBuffer.create();
        m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
        m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
        m_program.setAttributeBuffer("aPosition", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
        m_program.enableAttributeArray("aPosition");

        m_uColorLocation = m_program.uniformLocation("uColor");
        m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program.uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
        m_viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 0, 1), QVector3D(0, 0, 0), QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
    }

    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override
    {
        const float coofWidth = w / (float)m_initialWindowWidth;
        const float coofHeight = h / (float)m_initialWindowHeight;

        m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_projMatrix.ortho(0.f, m_worldWidth * coofWidth,
            0.f, m_worldHeight * coofHeight, 1.f, -1.f);
        m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        drawRectangle(50, 50, 80, 10, 10, QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18));
        drawRectangle(30, 20, 50, 20, 0, QVector3D(0.3, 0.07, 0.5));
        drawRectangle(50, 80, 40, 15, -20, QVector3D(0.2, 0.3, 0.1));
    }

    void drawRectangle(float x, float y, float w, float h,
        float angle, const QVector3D& color)
    {
        m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(x, y, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.rotate(angle, QVector3D(0, 0, 1));
        m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(w, h, 1));
        m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uColorLocation, color);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
    }

private:
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    int m_uColorLocation;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
    const int m_initialWindowWidth = 380;
    const int m_initialWindowHeight = 380;
    const float m_worldWidth = 100.f;
    const float m_worldHeight = 100.f;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

draw-a-few-rectangles-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

WebAssembly demo on the free Netlify hosting

How it looks on Android 7 with scrcpy:

[8Observer8]

Fit scale

Scale the game world in the center of the screen.

WebAssembly demo on the free Netlify hosting

QOpenGLWidget:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

QOpenGLWindow:

• PyQt6
• PySide6
• Qt6 C++

WebGL and JavaScript:

• Playground
• Source code

How it looks on Android:

[8Observer8]

Place QLabel over QOpenGLWidget

PySide6, Python:

main.py

import sys

from OpenGL.GL import (GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, GL_SCISSOR_TEST, glClear,
                       glClearColor, glDisable, glEnable, glScissor,
                       glViewport)
from PySide6.QtCore import Qt
from PySide6.QtGui import QSurfaceFormat
from PySide6.QtOpenGLWidgets import QOpenGLWidget
from PySide6.QtWidgets import QApplication, QLabel


class OpenGLWidget(QOpenGLWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.setWindowTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, PySide6, Python")
        self.resize(380, 380)
        self.worldWidth = 200
        self.worldHeight = 100
        self.worldAspect = self.worldHeight / self.worldWidth

        surfaceFormat = QSurfaceFormat()
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24)
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4)
        self.setFormat(surfaceFormat)

        self.scoreLabel = QLabel("Score: 0", self)
        self.scoreLabel.setStyleSheet("font-size: 24px;")

    def initializeGL(self):
        pass

    def resizeGL(self, w, h):
        deviceW = w * self.devicePixelRatio()
        deviceH = h * self.devicePixelRatio()
        deviceAspect = deviceH / deviceW

        if deviceAspect > self.worldAspect:
            self.viewportWidth = int(deviceW)
            self.viewportHeight = int(deviceW * self.worldAspect)
            self.viewportX = 0
            self.viewportY = int((deviceH - self.viewportHeight) / 2)
        else:
            self.viewportWidth = int(deviceH / self.worldAspect)
            self.viewportHeight = int(deviceH)
            self.viewportX = int((deviceW - self.viewportWidth) / 2)
            self.viewportY = 0

    def paintGL(self):
        glClearColor(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1)
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        glViewport(self.viewportX, self.viewportY, self.viewportWidth, self.viewportHeight)
        glScissor(self.viewportX, self.viewportY, self.viewportWidth, self.viewportHeight)
        glClearColor(0.04, 0.62, 0.48, 1)
        glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST)
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
        glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST)

        self.scoreLabel.move(self.viewportX / self.devicePixelRatio() + 10,
            self.viewportY / self.devicePixelRatio() + 10);

if __name__ == "__main__":
    QApplication.setAttribute(Qt.ApplicationAttribute.AA_UseDesktopOpenGL)
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = OpenGLWidget()
    w.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec())

Qt6, C++:

main.cpp

#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>
#include <QtWidgets/QLabel>
#include <QtOpenGLWidgets/QOpenGLWidget>

class OpenGLWidget : public QOpenGLWidget, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWidget()
    {
        setWindowTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(380, 380);

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);

        m_pScoreLabel = new QLabel("Score: 0", this);
        m_pScoreLabel->setStyleSheet("font-size: 24px;");
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
    }

    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override
    {
        int deviceW = w * devicePixelRatio();
        int deviceH = h * devicePixelRatio();
        float deviceAspect = deviceH / (float) deviceW;

        if (deviceAspect > m_worldAspect)
        {
            m_viewportWidth = deviceW;
            m_viewportHeight = (int) deviceW * m_worldAspect;
            m_viewportX = 0;
            m_viewportY = (int) (deviceH - m_viewportHeight) / 2.f;
            qDebug() << deviceH << m_viewportHeight << m_viewportY;
        }
        else
        {
            m_viewportWidth = (int) deviceH / m_worldAspect;
            m_viewportHeight = deviceH;
            m_viewportX = (int) (deviceW - m_viewportWidth) / 2.f;
            m_viewportY = 0;
        }
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glClearColor(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glViewport(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
        glScissor(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
        glClearColor(0.04, 0.62, 0.48, 1);
        glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);

        m_pScoreLabel->move(m_viewportX / devicePixelRatio() + 10,
            m_viewportY / devicePixelRatio() + 10);
    }

private:
    const float m_worldWidth = 200.f;
    const float m_worldHeight = 100.f;
    float m_worldAspect = m_worldHeight / m_worldWidth;
    int m_viewportX;
    int m_viewportY;
    int m_viewportWidth;
    int m_viewportHeight;
    QLabel *m_pScoreLabel;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWidget w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

qlabel-over-qopenglwidget-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

It doesn't work on WebAssembly: see demo. Because of this bug: https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-120651 But you can use the patch from the "Gerrit Reviews" (read the comments on the bug report)

But it works on Android:

[Bondrusiek]

@8Observer8 Hi! I tested your example with QOpenGLWindow
For my Mac I can compile project using :

QT       += core gui openglwidgets

instead of :

QT += core gui opengl widgets

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32 # I don't set it for Mac

I think it can be similar on Windows.

[8Observer8]

@Bondrusiek said in Small examples for game development in Qt, OpenGL, Box2D, Bullet Physics, and OpenAL:

I think it can be similar on Windows.

I confirm that it works on Windows. I'm guessing that the openglwidgets module includes the opengl and widgets modules. I've modified the examples to be the same for QOpenGLWindow and QOpenGLWidget. Thank you very much!

QT += core gui openglwidgets

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

win32: means that it is used on Windows only and it will be ignored on other OS like Android, iOS, macOS and so on. When I use glDrawArrays in separated file and if I don't add this line win32: LIBS += -lopengl32, I have this error on Windows:

line_drawer.cpp:74: error: undefined reference to `__imp_glDrawArrays'

It can be solved by adding this line of code to pro-file:

win32: LIBS += -lopengl32

What is interesting, I can delete the line above after recompilation and it will run. But when I change something in the code and recompile it I will have the same error. So the win32: LIBS += -lopengl32 must be in pro-file if you don't call glDrawArrays in the same file.

[8Observer8]

I have made the next demo for WebAssembly, Android, and Desktop using: Qt C++, OpenGL ES 2.0, OpenAL-Soft (this is a library for music and sounds), Box2D (for jumps, collision detections, and ray casting), Hiero (this is an application to create a font with distance field from TTF), Free Texture Packer (to pack images to one texture atlas), and Tiled map editor (to position sprites and Box2D static colliders).

• Click to run in your browser (it is a link to itch where you can download EXE for Windows 10 64 bit and APK for Android 7-14)
• Click to run in your browser (it is a link to the Netlify free hosting)

All resources (sprites, music and sounds) have been replaced with free ones. You can see a list of free resources here. For example, I took the sprites here: https://webfussel.itch.io/more-bit-8-bit-mario

I have made a custom joystick for Android in pure OpenGL ES 2.0 (this is an animation from the real phone that I made using scrcpy):

[8Observer8]

Setting English as system language

If a user system language is not English it will not work:

void OpenGLWindow::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    switch (event->key())
    {
        case Qt::Key::Key_W:
        case Qt::Key::Key_Up:
        {
                break;
        {

The following command is a solution for Windows. You can set English as system language:

OpenGLWindow::OpenGLWindow()
{
    setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
    resize(400, 400);

// Set English as system language
#ifdef _WIN32
    PostMessage(GetForegroundWindow(), WM_INPUTLANGCHANGEREQUEST, 1, 0x04090409);
#endif

You don't need to include <windows.h> because Qt is included it by default:

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#endif

[8Observer8]

Printing OpenGL version to the Debug console

The following commands print OpenGL and GLSL version and vendor:

qDebug() << "OpenGL version:" << (const char*) glGetString(GL_VERSION);
qDebug() << "GLSL version: " << (const char*) glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION);
qDebug() << "Vendor: " << (const char*) glGetString(GL_VENDOR);

or

std::cout << "OpenGL version: " << glGetString(GL_VERSION) << std::endl;
std::cout << "GLSL version: " << glGetString(GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION) << std::endl;
std::cout << "Vendor: " << glGetString(GL_VENDOR) << std::endl;

Qt by default runs programs with integrated video card on laptop:

OpenGL version: 3.1.0 - Build 9.17.10.4459
GLSL version:  1.40 - Intel Build 9.17.10.4459
Vendor:  Intel

[8Observer8]

Loading 3D models from DAE COLLADA

This example shows how to parse XML (.dae) using QDomDocument. It was tested on Android 7.1.1, Windows 10, and WebAssembly.

• Click this link to run the demo in your browser
• QOpenGLWindow: Source code on GitHub
• QOpenGLWidget: Source code on GitHub

Note. antialiasing works for WebAssembly with QOpenGLWindow for Qt 6.6.3 but it doesn't work for QOpenGLWidget. It was fixed in Qt 6.7.0. See the bug report: https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-123816

[8Observer8]

Pick color of a pixel with glReadPixels by mouse click or by touching on Mobile

glReadPixels requires the following parameters:

GLubyte pixel[4];
glReadPixels(m_mouseX, m_mouseY, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixel);

Where m_mouseX and m_mouseY are the mouse click coordinates. You should recalculate them before of calling glReadPixels because glReadPixels uses bottom left corner as (0, 0) but Qt uses top left corner as (0, 0). You should add QWindow::devicePixelRatio() because Windows has devicePixelRatio = 1 but Android and macOS (maybe) has devicePixelRatio = 2:

void mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override
{
    m_mouseX = event->pos().x() * devicePixelRatio();
    m_mouseY = (height() - event->pos().y() - 1) * devicePixelRatio();
    m_mouseClicked = true;
    update();
}

pick-color-of-simple-triangle-qopenglwindow-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

main.cpp

#include <QtGui/QMouseEvent>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(380, 380);
    }

private:
    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.f);
        qDebug() << "Device pixel ratio:" << devicePixelRatio();

        QString vertexShaderSource =
            "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_Position = vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        QString fragmentShaderSource =
            "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
            "precision mediump float;\n"
            "#endif\n"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        m_program.create();
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex,
                                          vertexShaderSource);
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment,
                                          fragmentShaderSource);
        m_program.link();
        m_program.bind();

        float vertPositions[] = {
            -0.5f, -0.5f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,
            0.f, 0.5f
        };
        m_vertPosBuffer.create();
        m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
        m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));

        m_program.setAttributeBuffer("aPosition", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
        m_program.enableAttributeArray("aPosition");
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);

        if (m_mouseClicked)
        {
            // Read the pixel
            GLubyte pixel[4];
            glReadPixels(m_mouseX, m_mouseY, 1, 1, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixel);
            // Print a color
            qDebug() << pixel[0] / 255.f << pixel[1] / 255.f << pixel[2] / 255.f;
            m_mouseClicked = false;
        }
    }

    void mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override
    {
        m_mouseX = event->pos().x() * devicePixelRatio();
        m_mouseY = (height() - event->pos().y() - 1) * devicePixelRatio();
        m_mouseClicked = true;
        update();
    }

private:
    int m_mouseX;
    int m_mouseY;
    bool m_mouseClicked = false;
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

[8Observer8]

Perspective camera

perspective-camera-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

main.cpp

#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(500, 500);

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(153.f/255.f, 220.f/255.f, 236.f/255.f, 1.f);

        QString vertShaderSrc =
            "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
            "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        QString fragShaderSrc =
            "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
            "precision mediump float;\n"
            "#endif\n"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_FragColor = vec4(0.058, 0.615, 0.345, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        m_program.create();
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
        m_program.link();
        m_program.bind();

        float vertPositions[] = {
            -0.5f, -0.5f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,
            -0.5f, 0.5f,
            0.5f, 0.5f
        };
        m_vertPosBuffer.create();
        m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
        m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
        m_program.setAttributeBuffer("aPosition", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
        m_program.enableAttributeArray("aPosition");

        m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program.uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
        m_viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 3, 5), QVector3D(0, 0, 0), QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
    }

    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override
    {
        m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_projMatrix.perspective(50.f, w / (float) h, 0.1f, 100.f);
        m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(0, 0, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.rotate(90, QVector3D(1, 0, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(3, 3, 1));
        m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
    }

private:
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

[8Observer8]

Rotate and zoom camera

Click here to test WebAssembly demo in the browser

On Android only rotation works. Some work must be made with touch events for zooming:

rotate-and-zoom-camera-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

main.cpp

#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtGui/QMouseEvent>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(500, 500);
        m_degreesPerPixelX = 90.f / (float) width();
        m_degreesPerPixelY = 180.f / (float) height();

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(153.f/255.f, 220.f/255.f, 236.f/255.f, 1.f);

        QString vertShaderSrc =
            "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
            "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        QString fragShaderSrc =
            "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
            "precision mediump float;\n"
            "#endif\n"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_FragColor = vec4(0.058, 0.615, 0.345, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        m_program.create();
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
        m_program.link();
        m_program.bind();

        float vertPositions[] = {
            -0.5f, -0.5f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,
            -0.5f, 0.5f,
            0.5f, 0.5f
        };
        m_vertPosBuffer.create();
        m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
        m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
        m_program.setAttributeBuffer("aPosition", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
        m_program.enableAttributeArray("aPosition");

        m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program.uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
        m_viewMatrix = getViewMatrix();
    }

    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override
    {
        m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_projMatrix.perspective(50.f, w / (float)h, 0.1f, 100.f);
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(0, 0, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.rotate(90, QVector3D(1, 0, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(3, 3, 1));
        m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;
        m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
    }

    void mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override
    {
        switch (event->button())
        {
            case Qt::MouseButton::LeftButton:
            {
                if (m_mouseHolding)
                    return;

                m_mouseHolding = true;
                m_mousePrevX = (float) event->pos().x();
                m_mousePrevY = (float) event->pos().y();
                break;
            }
            default:
                break;
        }
    }

    void mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override
    {
        if (!m_mouseHolding)
            return;

        float x = (float) event->pos().x();
        float y = (float) event->pos().y();

        float newCameraRotX = m_cameraRotX + m_degreesPerPixelX * (y - m_mousePrevY);
        newCameraRotX = qMax(-85.f, qMin(85.f, newCameraRotX));
        float newCameraRotY = m_cameraRotY + m_degreesPerPixelY * (x - m_mousePrevX);
        m_mousePrevX = x;
        m_mousePrevY = y;
        m_cameraRotX = newCameraRotX;
        m_cameraRotY = newCameraRotY;

        m_viewMatrix = getViewMatrix();
        update();
    }

    void mouseReleaseEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override
    {
        Q_UNUSED(event);
        m_mouseHolding = false;
    }

    void wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *event) override
    {
        float delta = event->angleDelta().y();
        m_viewDistance += -delta / 500.f;
        m_viewMatrix = getViewMatrix();
        update();
    }

    QMatrix4x4 getViewMatrix()
    {
        QMatrix4x4 mat;

        const float cosX = qCos(m_cameraRotX / 180.f * M_PI);
        const float sinX = qSin(m_cameraRotX / 180.f * M_PI);
        const float cosY = qCos(m_cameraRotY / 180.f * M_PI);
        const float sinY = qSin(m_cameraRotY / 180.f * M_PI);

        mat.setColumn(0, QVector4D(cosY, sinX * sinY, -cosX * sinY, 0.f));
        mat.setColumn(1, QVector4D(0.f, cosX, sinX, 0.f));
        mat.setColumn(2, QVector4D(sinY, -sinX * cosY, cosX * cosY, 0.f));
        mat.setColumn(3, QVector4D(0, 0, -m_viewDistance, 1.f));

        return mat;
    }

private:
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
    bool m_mouseHolding = false;
    float m_mousePrevX = 0.f;
    float m_mousePrevY = 0.f;
    float m_cameraRotX = 30.f;
    float m_cameraRotY = 0.f;
    float m_viewDistance = 5.f;
    float m_degreesPerPixelX;
    float m_degreesPerPixelY;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}

[8Observer8]

A circle (disk) is inscribed in a square

WebAssembly demo on free Netlify hosting

disk-opengles2-qt6-cpp.pro

QT += core gui openglwidgets

CONFIG += c++17

SOURCES += \
    main.cpp

main.cpp

#include <QtMath>
#include <QtGui/QMatrix4x4>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QVector3D>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShader>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QtOpenGL/QOpenGLWindow>
#include <QtWidgets/QApplication>

class OpenGLWindow : public QOpenGLWindow, private QOpenGLFunctions
{
public:
    OpenGLWindow()
    {
        setTitle("OpenGL ES 2.0, Qt6, C++");
        resize(380, 380);

        QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
        surfaceFormat.setDepthBufferSize(24);
        surfaceFormat.setSamples(4);
        setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    }

    void initializeGL() override
    {
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        glClearColor(0.04f, 0.62f, 0.48f, 1.f);

        QString vertShaderSrc =
            "attribute vec2 aPosition;\n"
            "uniform mat4 uMvpMatrix;"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_Position = uMvpMatrix * vec4(aPosition, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        QString fragShaderSrc =
            "#ifdef GL_ES\n"
            "precision mediump float;\n"
            "#endif\n"
            "uniform vec3 uColor;\n"
            "void main()\n"
            "{\n"
            "    gl_FragColor = vec4(uColor, 1.0);\n"
            "}\n";

        m_program.create();
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Vertex, vertShaderSrc);
        m_program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::ShaderTypeBit::Fragment, fragShaderSrc);
        m_program.link();
        m_program.bind();

        float vertPositions[m_amountOfDiskVertices * 2 + 8]; // Disk + Square
        float radius = 0.5f;
        float angle = 0.f;

        int index = 0;
        // Disk center
        vertPositions[index++] = 0.f;
        vertPositions[index++] = 0.f;

        // Disk
        for (int i = 0; i < m_amountOfDiskVertices - 1; i++)
        {
            float radians = qDegreesToRadians(angle);
            float x = radius * qCos(radians);
            float y = radius * qSin(radians);
            vertPositions[index++] = x;
            vertPositions[index++] = y;
            angle += m_angleStep;
        }
        // Square
        vertPositions[index++] = -0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = -0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = 0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = -0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = -0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = 0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = 0.5f;
        vertPositions[index++] = 0.5f;
        m_vertPosBuffer.create();
        m_vertPosBuffer.bind();
        m_vertPosBuffer.allocate(vertPositions, sizeof(vertPositions));
        m_program.setAttributeBuffer("aPosition", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);
        m_program.enableAttributeArray("aPosition");

        m_uColorLocation = m_program.uniformLocation("uColor");
        m_uMvpMatrixLocation = m_program.uniformLocation("uMvpMatrix");
        m_viewMatrix.lookAt(QVector3D(0, 0, 1), QVector3D(0, 0, 0), QVector3D(0, 1, 0));
    }

    void resizeGL(int w, int h) override
    {
        int deviceW = w * devicePixelRatio();
        int deviceH = h * devicePixelRatio();
        float deviceAspect = deviceH / (float) deviceW;

        if (deviceAspect > m_worldAspect)
        {
            m_viewportWidth = deviceW;
            m_viewportHeight = (int) deviceW * m_worldAspect;
            m_viewportX = 0;
            m_viewportY = (int) (deviceH - m_viewportHeight) / 2.f;
        }
        else
        {
            m_viewportWidth = (int) deviceH / m_worldAspect;
            m_viewportHeight = deviceH;
            m_viewportX = (int) (deviceW - m_viewportWidth) / 2.f;
            m_viewportY = 0;
        }
        m_projMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_projMatrix.ortho(0.f, m_worldWidth, 0.f, m_worldHeight, 1.f, -1.f);
        m_projViewMatrix = m_projMatrix * m_viewMatrix;
    }

    void paintGL() override
    {
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glClearColor(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glViewport(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
        glScissor(m_viewportX, m_viewportY, m_viewportWidth, m_viewportHeight);
        glClearColor(0.04, 0.62, 0.48, 1);
        glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);

        // Square
        drawRectangle(100, 50, 50, 50, 0, QVector3D(0.3, 0.07, 0.5));
        // Disk
        drawDisk(100, 50, 50, QVector3D(0.8, 0.8, 0.5));
        // Left border
        drawRectangle(5, 50, 5, 85, 0, QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18));
        // Right border
        drawRectangle(195, 50, 5, 85, 0, QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18));
        // Top border
        drawRectangle(100, 95, 185, 5, 0, QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18));
        // Bottom border
        drawRectangle(100, 5, 185, 5, 0, QVector3D(0.62, 0.04, 0.18));
    }

    void drawDisk(float x, float y, float diameter, const QVector3D& color)
    {
        m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(x, y, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(diameter, diameter, 1));
        m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uColorLocation, color);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 0, m_amountOfDiskVertices);
    }

    void drawRectangle(float x, float y, float w, float h,
        float angle, const QVector3D& color)
    {
        m_modelMatrix.setToIdentity();
        m_modelMatrix.translate(QVector3D(x, y, 0));
        m_modelMatrix.rotate(angle, QVector3D(0, 0, 1));
        m_modelMatrix.scale(QVector3D(w, h, 1));
        m_mvpMatrix = m_projViewMatrix * m_modelMatrix;
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uMvpMatrixLocation, m_mvpMatrix);
        m_program.setUniformValue(m_uColorLocation, color);
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, m_amountOfDiskVertices, 4);
    }

private:
    QOpenGLBuffer m_vertPosBuffer;
    QOpenGLShaderProgram m_program;
    int m_uColorLocation;
    int m_uMvpMatrixLocation;
    QMatrix4x4 m_mvpMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_viewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_projViewMatrix;
    QMatrix4x4 m_modelMatrix;
    const float m_worldWidth = 200.f;
    const float m_worldHeight = 100.f;
    float m_worldAspect = m_worldHeight / m_worldWidth;
    int m_viewportX;
    int m_viewportY;
    int m_viewportWidth;
    int m_viewportHeight;
    float m_angleStep = 10.f;
    int m_amountOfDiskVertices = 360.f / m_angleStep + 2;
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    QApplication::setAttribute(Qt::ApplicationAttribute::AA_UseDesktopOpenGL);
    QApplication app(argc, argv);
    OpenGLWindow w;
    w.show();
    return app.exec();
}