@rahi444
I don't claim to understand why you want to do this. However, does the example (teh accepted solution to it) in, say, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36778577/qstyleditemdelegate-how-to-make-checkbox-button-to-change-its-state-on-click give you what you need? It's using https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qstyleditemdelegate.html#editorEvent to access the widget's state in an event. Seems a bit low-level to me, but maybe that's what you do....?
Otherwise, I know the editor arranges to store the widget's value via editor widget's user property, see https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qstyleditemdelegate.html#setModelData itself. Can you leverage that without actually calling setModelData()?
Finally, https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qstyleditemdelegate.html#createEditor returns the widget created for doing the editing. Can you put your own slots/call functions on that to recognise when it's edited and retrieve its value directly?
If all else fails, what about looking at the source of the setModelData() method you do not want to use in page https://code.woboq.org/qt5/qtbase/src/widgets/itemviews/qstyleditemdelegate.cpp.html ? You can see there what it does (looks pretty simple), and decide what you want to do compared to that, since you don't want to call it yourself for whatever reason.