Returns the last query that was successfully executed.

You place it immediately before query.exec_(). Why?

So maybe problem lays on query level

Sorry, but your whole code needs rewriting, more importantly you need to take time to understand what you are doing. Same with some of your Python. Sorry, but true. Best of luck.

UPDATE ZARZADZANIE.ZAMOWIENIA SET ZAMAWIAJACY_KOD=:a,OBSZAR_KOD=:bb,....TERYT=:ccb WHERE ID=:id

So maybe problem lays on query level

            rec= ''
            tm = ''    
            #query.bindValue(literyBind[col],'')
            sv= rec.setValue(literyBind[col],'')

If you just look at this how can it make any sense to set rec to an empty string and then call sv= rec.setValue()??

            sv=rec.setValue(literyBind[col],rowData[i])
            Uprow=tm.updateRowInTable(row,sv)

What does rec.setValue() return? Nothing or a boolean? Is that really what you want to try putting into your row?

 tm =QSqlTableModel()
 rec= QSqlRecord()
mod = QSqlQueryModel()

And after that I cleaned the code to:

 if rec is None or tm is None or rowData[col] is None:#Na wypadek jakby się pojawił
                rec= ''
                tm = ''    
                #query.bindValue(literyBind[col],'')
                sv= rec.setValue(literyBind[col],'')
            # else:
            #   pass  
                #query.bindValue(literyBind[col],rowData[col])
        print(query.executedQuery())
        if query.exec_():#query.next():
              for i in range(len(rowData)):
                sv=rec.setValue(literyBind[col],rowData[i])
                Uprow=tm.updateRowInTable(row,sv)
                print (Uprow)

Yes, I also need a break and do sth diffrent in code

You should be stepping through your code in a debugger to discover for yourself how it is behaving, not just throwing code at us and asking what is wrong.

I will leave others to respond now, my polite advice is that you need to understand what you are doing and what you need to do before trying all this code you have.

range(len(rowData))

this function looks better but still have an error:
updateRowInTable(self, int, QSqlRecord): argument 2 has unexpected type 'str'

Meanwhile I'd found the setValue function in QSqlRecord, so now it looks that:

 if rowData[col] is None:
                query.bindValue(literyBind[col],'')
                rec.setNull('')
                rec=rec.value('')
            else:
                query.bindValue(literyBind[col],rowData[col])
        print(query.executedQuery())
        if query.exec_():#query.next():
            if rec is None or tm is None or rowData[col] is None:
                rec= ''
                tm = ''
                sv= rec.setValue(literyBind[col],'') 
            else:
              for i in range(len(rowData)):
                Uprow=tm.updateRowInTable(row,rowData[i])
                #sv.rec.setValue(literyBind[col],rowData[i])
                print (Uprow)
        else:
            print (query.lastError().text())

list indices must be integers or slices, not str, but this table (a list!) cannot be converted into int,

What about

for i in range(len(rowData)):

?
Is a simple Python thing...

tm =QSqlTableModel()
        rec= QSqlRecord()
        mod = QSqlQueryModel()
        for col in range(model.columnCount()):
            rowData = [model.index(row, col).data() for col in range(model.columnCount()) ]
            print (rowData[0])
            literyBind = [':a',':bb',':bc'...':cca',':ccb',':id']
            if rowData[col] is None:
                query.bindValue(literyBind[col],'')
                rec.setNull('')
                rec=rec.value('')
            else:
                query.bindValue(literyBind[col],rowData[col])
        print(query.executedQuery())
        if query.exec_():#query.next():
            if rec is None or tm is None:
                rec= ''
                tm = ''
            for i in rowData:
                Uprow=tm.updateRowInTable(row,rowData[i])
                print (Uprow)

in rowData[i] shout: list indices must be integers or slices, not str, but this table (a list!) cannot be converted into int, as there's only one integer value in this table

OK: If you suggest the road through QSqlRecord: show/find me an example

Try Googling yourself, instead of asking me to show/find for you, I have other things to do. I already gave you a link to an example in the Qt docs. I am not here to show you examples all the time, it's you who is coding.

I am not going to guess whether this is or is not what you want. If you want to stick with your way, and you want to re-read a SQL row after you have UPDATEd it and copy that into your QStandardItemModel, or you want to get the new values directly out of the values you bind to the UPDATE query and put them into the QStandardItemModel without re-querying the SQL database, go ahead and do so.

decide whether you have any reason to interpose a QStandardItemModel on top of your SQ

So query.bind value won't be useful?

You are making it really complicated by interposing any kind of QStandardItemModel. Abandon your way of doing it and change over to using QSqlTableModel directly. Then not only will there be no copying but also it will do the table UPDATE for you and read the updated row back into the model, which the QTableView will see automatically.

so at first I need to change?:

query=QSqlTableModel(db)

I change only one row- this which is current select.

You are making it really complicated by interposing any kind of QStandardItemModel. Abandon your way of doing it and change over to using QSqlTableModel directly. Then not only will there be no copying but also it will do the table UPDATE for you and read the updated row back into the model, which the QTableView will see automatically.

 if query.exec_():#query.next():
            Uprow=QStandardItem(col.row) 
            self.model4.appendRow(Uprow) 
            print (Uprow)
        else:
            print (query.lastError().text())