You have to enable Use QML emulation layer that is built with the selected Qt in the settings, since Qt Creator does ship with Canvas3D.
Note that Canvas3D is not officially supported in the designer, though.
I managed to compile the needed plugin from source (Qt 5.7.0). It turns out we switched to gtk3. Copying the resulting libqgtk3.so into the qtcreator 4.0.2 release solves the issue.